View source for Tip 20: Hard/Soft Links

Create a soft link:
 inductor:foo mrg$ ln -s ../test.sp test2.sp
Create a hard link: 
 inductor:foo mrg$ ln ../test.sp test3.sp
 inductor:foo mrg$ ls -al
 total 16
 drwxr-xr-x   4 mrg  staff   136 Aug 18 16:36 .
 drwxr-xr-x+ 97 mrg  staff  3298 Aug 18 16:31 ..
 lrwxr-xr-x   1 mrg  staff    10 Aug 18 16:36 test2.sp -> ../test.sp
 -rw-r--r--   2 mrg  staff   815 Jul 17 12:44 test3.sp

Note that the soft link is designated with a "->" while the hard link just looks like a file. However, the hard link is actually the SAME FILE:
 inductor:foo mrg$ ls -al ../test.sp
 -rw-r--r--  2 mrg  staff  815 Jul 17 12:44 ../test.sp
which shows the same date, permissions, etc as the link test3.sp.
You can confirm this by seeing what the filesystem inode is for each of these using the -i options to ls:
 inductor:foo mrg$ ls -li ../test.sp
 18906739 -rw-r--r--  2 mrg  staff  815 Jul 17 12:44 ../test.sp
 inductor:foo mrg$ ls -li test3.sp
 18906739 -rw-r--r--  2 mrg  staff  815 Jul 17 12:44 test3.sp
 inductor:foo mrg$ ls -li test2.sp
 19237135 lrwxr-xr-x  1 mrg  staff  10 Aug 18 16:36 test2.sp -> ../test.sp
The first two are identical where as the symbolic link is a separate inode.

So, why use hard links? Well, what if you remove the original file?

 inductor:foo mrg$ rm ../test.sp
 inductor:foo mrg$ ls -al
 total 16
 drwxr-xr-x   4 mrg  staff   136 Aug 18 16:36 .
 drwxr-xr-x+ 96 mrg  staff  3264 Aug 18 16:39 ..
 lrwxr-xr-x   1 mrg  staff    10 Aug 18 16:36 test2.sp -> ../test.sp
 -rw-r--r--   1 mrg  staff   815 Jul 17 12:44 test3.sp
 inductor:foo mrg$ more test2.sp
 test2.sp: No such file or directory
 inductor:foo mrg$ more test3.sp
  * File: invx1.pex.netlist
 ...

The soft link is pointing to nothing now. The hard link still has the file. Files are only "removed" when there are no more hard links to a file.

One example where I use hard links is when I do backups. You can tell rsync, for example, to use hard links rather than make new copies when files don't change. That's beyond the scope of this though.